Mpox, formerly known as Monkeypox, is a viral disease caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The virus is similar to the one that causes smallpox but is generally less severe. The renaming of Monkeypox to Mpox by the World Health Organization (WHO) reflects a shift towards more neutral terminology, aligning with modern public health approaches.
Understanding Mpox is crucial for public health as the virus has re-emerged as a global health concern. Recent outbreaks have shown that Mpox can spread across borders, necessitating a well-informed public to prevent further transmission and mitigate the impact of the virus. Awareness of Mpox symptoms, transmission, and prevention strategies is vital in curbing the spread of this potentially serious disease.
History and Background
Discovery and Naming
Mpox was first discovered in 1958 in laboratory monkeys, hence the original name, Monkeypox. The first human case was identified in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Since then, the virus has primarily affected Central and West Africa, though recent global outbreaks have brought it into the spotlight. The evolution of its name from Monkeypox to Mpox reflects a growing sensitivity towards using non-discriminatory language in disease nomenclature.
Early Outbreaks
The early outbreaks of Mpox were confined to remote regions in Africa, where the virus was primarily transmitted from animals to humans. The disease’s impact was limited due to its geographic isolation. However, sporadic cases and outbreaks have been documented since the 1970s, highlighting the virus’s persistence and ability to cause illness in humans.
Causes and Transmission
Virus Characteristics
Mpox is caused by the Mpox virus, which is part of the Orthopoxvirus genus. This genus also includes other viruses like variola (which causes smallpox), vaccinia (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox. Mpox has two distinct genetic clades: Clade I (previously known as the Congo Basin clade) and Clade II (formerly the West African clade). Clade I is associated with more severe disease and higher mortality rates, while Clade II is generally milder.
Modes of Transmission
Clade 1b is driven by sexual transmission and is known to effect young adults mostly. Generally, mpox spreads through multiple transmission routes:
Human-to-human transmission: This occurs through direct contact with infectious lesions, bodily fluids, or respiratory droplets from an infected person. Prolonged face-to-face contact or intimate physical contact, such as kissing, can facilitate transmission.
Animal-to-human transmission: Humans can contract Mpox by coming into contact with the bodily fluids, lesions, or respiratory secretions of infected animals. This mode of transmission is common in areas where people have close interactions with wildlife.
Contaminated materials: The virus can also spread through contact with contaminated materials like clothing, bedding, or other surfaces that have been in contact with the lesions or fluids of an infected person or animal.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
The virus is known to cause more severe disease in pregnant women, young children and immune-compromised people.
Common Symptoms
The symptoms of Mpox typically begin with;
- Fever
- Headache
- Muscle aches
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Fatigue
- Chills
- Back pain
- Respiratory symptoms (in some cases, such as sore throat or cough)
A characteristic rash usually follows, starting on the face and spreading to other parts of the body, including the palms and soles. The rash progresses from macules to papules, vesicles, pustules, and finally scabs, which eventually fall off. The severity of symptoms can vary, with some individuals experiencing mild illness while others may develop complications such as secondary infections or pneumonia.
Diagnosis Methods
Diagnosis of Mpox is typically made through laboratory tests, most commonly Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing of skin lesions. PCR testing is highly accurate and can detect the presence of the Mpox virus in lesion samples. In areas where lab facilities are limited, clinical diagnosis based on symptoms and epidemiological history may be used, although it is less precise.
Treatment and Prevention
Treatment Options
Currently, there is no specific treatment for Mpox. Supportive care is the primary approach, focusing on relieving symptoms such as fever and pain, maintaining hydration, and treating secondary bacterial infections if they occur. Antiviral treatments, such as tecovirimat, have shown some effectiveness in treating Mpox, particularly in severe cases. However, their use is typically reserved for severe or complicated cases due to limited availability.
Prevention Strategies
Prevention of Mpox primarily involves vaccination and public health measures:
Vaccination: The smallpox vaccine offers cross-protection against Mpox due to the similarities between the two viruses. In regions experiencing outbreaks, vaccination campaigns targeting high-risk populations have been employed to curb the spread.
Public health measures: Isolation of infected individuals, proper hygiene practices, and avoiding contact with infected animals are critical in preventing the spread of Mpox. Public health agencies also emphasize the importance of wearing protective gear when handling potentially infected animals or materials.
Recent Outbreaks and Global Impact
2022-2023 Global Outbreak
The 2022-2023 Mpox outbreak marked a significant shift in the virus’s epidemiology, with cases reported across multiple continents. Between January 2022 and June 2024, 208 deaths and more than 99000 mpox cases were reported in 116 countries around the world. This outbreak primarily affected non-endemic regions, including Europe, North America, and Asia. The global response involved coordinated efforts by health organizations like WHO and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to contain the virus and prevent further spread.
Current Situation (2024)
Just this week, spread of mpox virus in Africa was declared a public health emergency by WHO. This year for the first time, the virus has crossed its epicenter and has been reported in Europe (Sweden) and Asia (Pakistan). This surge is of the mutant version of the deadlier clade 1. This new strain, clade 1b, was first detected among sex workers in DRC in September 2023.
Mpox, formerly known as Monkeypox, is a viral disease that has gained global attention due to recent outbreaks. Understanding the virus, its transmission modes, symptoms, and prevention strategies is crucial for public health. While treatment options are limited, vaccination and public health measures offer effective ways to prevent and control the virus’s spread.
Various endemic diseases are surging and staying informed and vigilant is essential, especially as the mpox virus continues to pose a threat in various parts of the world. By following public health guidelines and being aware of the risks, individuals can contribute to the global effort to control Mpox and protect themselves and their communities. A rapid international collaboration will be required to contain this epidemic.
FAQs
Is there a monkeypox vaccine?
Yes, there is a vaccine that can help protect against mpox. While there isn’t a specific monkeypox vaccine, the smallpox vaccine has been found to be effective in preventing mpox. This is because the two viruses are closely related. However, the availability of the smallpox vaccine can vary by location.
How does mpox spread?
Mpox spreads primarily through:
- Direct contact: Skin-to-skin contact with a rash, scabs, or bodily fluids from an infected person.
- Respiratory droplets: Large respiratory droplets during prolonged face-to-face contact.
- Contact with contaminated materials: Such as clothing, bedding, or utensils used by an infected person.
- Animal-to-human transmission: Although less common, mpox can spread from infected animals to humans.
Is monkeypox deadly?
While mpox can be serious and cause severe illness, it is usually not fatal. Most people recover fully within a few weeks. However, it’s important to note that severe cases can occur, especially in people with weakened immune systems.